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"laT~ nLm1h p=head1 NAME Encode::PerlIO -- a detailed document on Encode and PerlIO =head1 Overview It is very common to want to do encoding transformations when reading or writing files, network connections, pipes etc. If Perl is configured to use the new 'perlio' IO system then C provides a "layer" (see L) which can transform data as it is read or written. Here is how the blind poet would modernise the encoding: use Encode; open(my $iliad,'<:encoding(iso-8859-7)','iliad.greek'); open(my $utf8,'>:utf8','iliad.utf8'); my @epic = <$iliad>; print $utf8 @epic; close($utf8); close($illiad); In addition, the new IO system can also be configured to read/write UTF-8 encoded characters (as noted above, this is efficient): open(my $fh,'>:utf8','anything'); print $fh "Any \x{0021} string \N{SMILEY FACE}\n"; Either of the above forms of "layer" specifications can be made the default for a lexical scope with the C pragma. See L. Once a handle is open, its layers can be altered using C. Without any such configuration, or if Perl itself is built using the system's own IO, then write operations assume that the file handle accepts only I and will C if a character larger than 255 is written to the handle. When reading, each octet from the handle becomes a byte-in-a-character. Note that this default is the same behaviour as bytes-only languages (including Perl before v5.6) would have, and is sufficient to handle native 8-bit encodings e.g. iso-8859-1, EBCDIC etc. and any legacy mechanisms for handling other encodings and binary data. In other cases, it is the program's responsibility to transform characters into bytes using the API above before doing writes, and to transform the bytes read from a handle into characters before doing "character operations" (e.g. C, C, ...). You can also use PerlIO to convert larger amounts of data you don't want to bring into memory. For example, to convert between ISO-8859-1 (Latin 1) and UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC in EBCDIC machines): open(F, "<:encoding(iso-8859-1)", "data.txt") or die $!; open(G, ">:utf8", "data.utf") or die $!; while () { print G } # Could also do "print G " but that would pull # the whole file into memory just to write it out again. More examples: open(my $f, "<:encoding(cp1252)") open(my $g, ">:encoding(iso-8859-2)") open(my $h, ">:encoding(latin9)") # iso-8859-15 See also L for how to change the default encoding of the data in your script. =head1 How does it work? Here is a crude diagram of how filehandle, PerlIO, and Encode interact. filehandle <-> PerlIO PerlIO <-> scalar (read/printed) \ / Encode When PerlIO receives data from either direction, it fills a buffer (currently with 1024 bytes) and passes the buffer to Encode. Encode tries to convert the valid part and passes it back to PerlIO, leaving invalid parts (usually a partial character) in the buffer. PerlIO then appends more data to the buffer, calls Encode again, and so on until the data stream ends. To do so, PerlIO always calls (de|en)code methods with CHECK set to 1. This ensures that the method stops at the right place when it encounters partial character. The following is what happens when PerlIO and Encode tries to encode (from utf8) more than 1024 bytes and the buffer boundary happens to be in the middle of a character. A B C .... ~ \x{3000} .... 41 42 43 .... 7E e3 80 80 .... <- buffer ---------------> << encoded >>>>>>>>>> <- ne