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? .. _compound: ******************* Compound statements ******************* .. index:: pair: compound; statement Compound statements contain (groups of) other statements; they affect or control the execution of those other statements in some way. In general, compound statements span multiple lines, although in simple incarnations a whole compound statement may be contained in one line. The :keyword:`if`, :keyword:`while` and :keyword:`for` statements implement traditional control flow constructs. :keyword:`try` specifies exception handlers and/or cleanup code for a group of statements. Function and class definitions are also syntactically compound statements. .. index:: single: clause single: suite Compound statements consist of one or more 'clauses.' A clause consists of a header and a 'suite.' The clause headers of a particular compound statement are all at the same indentation level. Each clause header begins with a uniquely identifying keyword and ends with a colon. A suite is a group of statements controlled by a clause. A suite can be one or more semicolon-separated simple statements on the same line as the header, following the header's colon, or it can be one or more indented statements on subsequent lines. Only the latter form of suite can contain nested compound statements; the following is illegal, mostly because it wouldn't be clear to which :keyword:`if` clause a following :keyword:`else` clause would belong: :: if test1: if test2: print x Also note that the semicolon binds tighter than the colon in this context, so that in the following example, either all or none of the :keyword:`print` statements are executed:: if x < y < z: print x; print y; print z Summarizing: .. productionlist:: compound_stmt: `if_stmt` : | `while_stmt` : | `for_stmt` : | `try_stmt` : | `with_stmt` : | `funcdef` : | `classdef` : | `decorated` suite: `stmt_list` NEWLINE | NEWLINE INDENT `statement`+ DEDENT statement: `stmt_list` NEWLINE | `compound_stmt` stmt_list: `simple_stmt` (";" `simple_stmt`)* [";"] .. index:: single: NEWLINE token single: DEDENT token pair: dangling; else Note that statements always end in a ``NEWLINE`` possibly followed by a ``DEDENT``. Also note that optional continuation clauses always begin with a keyword that cannot start a statement, thus there are no ambiguities (the 'dangling :keyword:`else`' problem is solved in Python by requiring nested :keyword:`if` statements to be indented). The formatting of the grammar rules in the following sections places each clause on a separate line for clarity. .. _if: .. _elif: .. _else: The :keyword:`if` statement =========================== .. index:: statement: if keyword: elif keyword: else The :keyword:`if` statement is used for conditional execution: .. productionlist:: if_stmt: "if" `expression` ":" `suite` : ( "elif" `expression` ":" `suite` )* : ["else" ":" `suite`] It selects exactly one of the suites by evaluating the expressions one by one until one is found to be true (see section :ref:`booleans` for