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+lm_JJhȮ41h q_I|:mod:`email.utils`: Miscellaneous utilities ------------------------------------------- .. module:: email.utils :synopsis: Miscellaneous email package utilities. There are several useful utilities provided in the :mod:`email.utils` module: .. function:: quote(str) Return a new string with backslashes in *str* replaced by two backslashes, and double quotes replaced by backslash-double quote. .. function:: unquote(str) Return a new string which is an *unquoted* version of *str*. If *str* ends and begins with double quotes, they are stripped off. Likewise if *str* ends and begins with angle brackets, they are stripped off. .. function:: parseaddr(address) Parse address -- which should be the value of some address-containing field such as :mailheader:`To` or :mailheader:`Cc` -- into its constituent *realname* and *email address* parts. Returns a tuple of that information, unless the parse fails, in which case a 2-tuple of ``('', '')`` is returned. .. function:: formataddr(pair) The inverse of :meth:`parseaddr`, this takes a 2-tuple of the form ``(realname, email_address)`` and returns the string value suitable for a :mailheader:`To` or :mailheader:`Cc` header. If the first element of *pair* is false, then the second element is returned unmodified. .. function:: getaddresses(fieldvalues) This method returns a list of 2-tuples of the form returned by ``parseaddr()``. *fieldvalues* is a sequence of header field values as might be returned by :meth:`Message.get_all`. Here's a simple example that gets all the recipients of a message:: from email.utils import getaddresses tos = msg.get_all('to', []) ccs = msg.get_all('cc', []) resent_tos = msg.get_all('resent-to', []) resent_ccs = msg.get_all('resent-cc', []) all_recipients = getaddresses(tos + ccs + resent_tos + resent_ccs) .. function:: parsedate(date) Attempts to parse a date according to the rules in :rfc:`2822`. however, some mailers don't follow that format as specified, so :func:`parsedate` tries to guess correctly in such cases. *date* is a string containing an :rfc:`2822` date, such as ``"Mon, 20 Nov 1995 19:12:08 -0500"``. If it succeeds in parsing the date, :func:`parsedate` returns a 9-tuple that can be passed directly to :func:`time.mktime`; otherwise ``None`` will be returned. Note that indexes 6, 7, and 8 of the result tuple are not usable. .. function:: parsedate_tz(date) Performs the same function as :func:`parsedate`, but returns either ``None`` or a 10-tuple; the first 9 elements make up a tuple that can be passed directly to :func:`time.mktime`, and the tenth is the offset of the date's timezone from UTC (which is the official term for Greenwich Mean Time) [#]_. If the input string has no timezone, the last element of the tuple returned is ``None``. Note that indexes 6, 7, and 8 of the result tuple are not usable. .. function:: mktime_tz(tuple) Turn a 10-tuple as returned by :func:`parsedate_tz` into a UTC timestamp. It the timezone item in the tuple is ``None``, assume local time. Minor deficiency: :func:`mktime_tz` interprets the first 8 elements of *tuple* as a local time and then compensates for the timezone difference. This may yield a slight error around changes in daylight savings time, though not worth worrying about for common use. .. function:: formatdate([timeval[, localtime][, usegmt]]) Returns a date string as per :rfc:`2822`, e.g.:: Fri, 09 Nov 2001 01:08:47 -0000 Optional *timeval* if given is a floating point time value as